在汇编以下对我的回忆录的影响和灵感清单时,现代实例:摄影技巧, I had a certain, specific range of aesthetic experiences in mind. What I was looking for in this list were particular individuals, works, or bodies of work that engendered in me a deep aesthetic experience that expanded and altered my understanding of art, of myself, and of the world. In some cases these were specific experiences that have stayed with me for decades.
CIDOC
1971年,我参加了一个月的研讨会,演讲和讲习班CIDOC(中心跨文化docutsación)在墨西哥库尔纳瓦卡。CIDOC是一家由激进教育者伊万·伊利希(Ivan Illich)创立的研究所,他的书Deschooling Societywas published that same year. Most of the major progressive educational theorists in North America were present that month. Particularly memorable was a one-week workshop I attended that was conducted by George Dennison: “Organic versus Arbitrary Order.”

James R. Roberts,Ivan Illich leading seminar at the Centro Intercultural de Documentación, Cuernavaca, Mexico, 1971. Courtesy of the Northwestern University Archives.
车间每天几个小时相遇,five days. We sat spread out on a lawn atCIDOC。该研讨会本身就是有机秩序的演示,而不是对有机秩序的理论讨论,而是有机秩序的演示,即从情况的基本要素的关系中向外增长的秩序。丹尼森(Dennison)让讨论似乎在任何地方进行。他是一个充满兴趣和经验的人。有几位参与者对研讨会的自由形式感到沮丧。他们带来的“任意命令”(施加在某种情况下的命令)。丹尼森(Dennison)的研讨会使我对摄影师如何将世界转化为照片的核心问题使我敏感。
Several years later I ran into Dennison at an exhibition of Cézanne’s watercolors at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston. I remember him commenting that the watercolors reminded him of late Beethoven quartets.

Paul Cézanne,森林路径, 1904–1906.
沃克·埃文斯(Walker Evans)
In the 1964 edition of Beaumont Newhall’s这历史of Photography, he included a final chapter titled “Recent Trends.” He described four trends: the document, a photograph that points to something out in the world and asks us to pay attention to it; the straight photograph, a self-conscious work of art that asks us to pay attention to the picture itself; the formalist photograph, a picture that explores the structural qualities of an image or the formal nature of the medium; and the equivalent, a photograph that embodies or engenders a state of mind or an emotional state (what T. S. Eliot might have called a picture that functions as an “objective correlative”). These aren’t necessarily separate aesthetic directions. A photograph can be a self-conscious work of art that springs from a perception of the world, that is clarified by formal understanding, and that is sensitive to the psychological and poetic resonances of the image. A photograph can address all four at the same time, and the best of Walker Evans’s images do.
To this Evans added an awareness of the cultural implications of a visual style, as when he spoke of photographing “documentary-style.”

沃克·埃文斯(Walker Evans),早餐室,Belle Grove种植园,路易斯安那州白教堂,1935年。由沃克·埃文斯(Walker Evans)档案馆提供。
这GubbioStudiolo, Metropolitan Museum of Art
这Studiolo是一个带门和窗户的小房间。墙壁是一项研究的trompe l'Oeil代表,架子和乐器在墙壁上和板凳上都在墙上。单个窗口的光似乎会过滤进并在书架上铸造阴影,其格子门有时略有ajar。这种幻想完全由木材贴面创建。我认识的大多数摄影师都熟悉Studiolo喜欢它 - 我认为,因为我们也涉及幻想和代表。

Gubbio的Ducal Palace的Studiolo, designed by Francesco di Giorgio Martini, ca. 1478–82.
Giulio Romano’sSala dei Giganti,曼托亚宫
在1568年的版本中这艺术家的生活,乔治·瓦萨里(Giorgio Vasari)Sala die Giganti:
Let no one think ever to see any work of the brush more frightening, or more realistic, than this; and whoever enters that room and sees the windows, doors and so forth all distorted and apparently hurtling down, and the mountains and buildings falling, cannot but fear that everything will crash down upon him, especially when he sees in that Heaven all the Gods rushing here and there in fright. And what is most marvelous to see in this work is that the whole painting has neither beginning or end, but is all interconnected and smoothly continuous, with no ornamental partitions or boundaries, so that objects which are in the distance, where the landscapes are painted, gradually recede into infinity. Hence that room, which is no more than thirty feet long, seems like open country.
房间的声学使空气看起来很crak啪作响。

朱利奥·罗曼诺(Giulio Romano),Sala dei Giganti,曼托亚宫,1532 - 34年。
Ibn Tulun Mosque, Cairo
我曾在两座建筑物中称为“客观体系结构”的例子:伊本·图伦(Ibn Tulun)和万神殿。通过“客观建筑”,我的意思是一栋建筑物,通过设计,通过材料,音量和光线和细节,可以产生特定的,预定的在接受访问者中的状态。伊本·图伦(Ibn Tulun)打开心脏。

Berthold Werner,开罗的伊本·图伦清真寺,获得许可CC由3.0。
等效物
I am struck by how, in Orson Welles’s这Magnificent Ambersons,情节的结构,摄影,编辑,对话的节奏,以及重要的是安伯森豪宅内部的结构。连接了各个方面的团结 - Mise-en-Scène的统一。观看电影的经历是我对艺术中结构和意义的理解的早期构建基础。
安伯森豪宅的维多利亚时代的内饰 - 它的华丽,黑暗,沉重,其复杂性 - 认为角色的维多利亚时代的镇压及其互动是对人的身体反映:乔治·米纳弗(George Minafer)的虚弱的操纵,范妮姨妈的灌木丛的史什里尔(George and George and Lucy)的Oedipal uniplents。豪宅是一个客观的相关性,但不仅仅是内饰。这部电影的核心在表演,每个图像的结构和相机运动中都贯穿。统一的手段。
这term客观相关T. S. Eliot在他的文章中使用了村庄。艾略特写道:
唯一的方式表达情感的形式art is by finding an “objective correlative”; in other words, a set of objects, a situation, a chain of events which shall be the formula of that particular emotion; such that when the external facts, which must terminate in sensory experience, are given, the emotion is immediately evoked.
在摄影中,这与阿尔弗雷德·斯蒂格利茨(Alfred Stieglitz)所说的有关等效物。这就是他的标题为一系列云的照片。他认为这些图像是心理或情感状态的等效物。

阿尔弗雷德·斯蒂格利茨(Alfred Stieglitz),相等的,1929年。由Alfred Stieglitz收藏品提供。
他拍摄了云,因为他想摆脱内容的关联含义的形象。他希望这些图片是抽象的。但是摄影是无情的。一张直截了当的照片是从特定时刻(特定的有利位置)在定义的框架内看到的世界的代表。在这些参数中,它似乎是字面意思。因此,这些Stieglitz的图片确实具有可识别的内容 - 云。例如,Lotte Jacobi的作品不是抽象的方式。
Stieglitz希望这些图像像音乐一样。音乐是声音和结构的地方,照片是音调和结构。但是,有些音乐也有歌词,照片可以具有可识别的内容,其所有共鸣和文化含义,并且仍然代表或也许唤起心态。这就是沃克·埃文斯(Walker Evans)提到“超越文件”时的意思。摄影师有时会发现自己被某些内容而不是其政治或社会学含义所吸引,而是因为它出于某种原因使他们感动 - 在其中散布了一些东西。从这个角度来看,这个内容意味着一些东西。
介绍媒介历史的线程之一是重新定义有意义的内容。摄影师在以前从未得到认可的事物中找到意义,然后随着时间的流逝,内容本身就成为了惯例。当它成为惯例时,它缺乏原始图片的即时性。“即时性”是指没有调解。没有视觉惯例的调解。随着时间的流逝,原始内容变成了陈词滥调。即时的最前沿发现了新的领域作为客观相关性。并不是为了新颖而新鲜,而是因为在当前中心工作的艺术家自发经验。
George Eliot
阅读艾略特(Eliot),我看到了一个世界,在这个世界中,真正的同情心和人类感被思想的清晰度所扩大而被感性所笼罩。它在潜台词和智慧中是密集的。她的英语简直就是很高兴阅读丹尼尔·德隆达(Daniel Deronda):
梅里克斯(Meyricks)的奇怪之处,母亲的血和父亲的怪异之处,他们的思想就像中世纪的房屋一样,带有意外的凹陷和开口,从此台阶和突然的前景。
When I first read this sentence, Ginger and I were living in an eighteenth-century house in the Hudson Valley. Our house was sandwiched between a hill, a large rock outcropping, and a stream. Over the years it had been expanded in a way that organically accommodated its difficult site. It literally had unexpected recesses, flights of steps, and sudden outlooks.
赫尔曼·梅尔维尔(Herman Melville)Moby-Dick
I remember the days, almost fifty years ago, when I was immersed in this book. Melville’s thoughts formed a backdrop to my daily experience. They sometimes still do. “Do thou, too, live in this world without being of it.” The book is like an eight-hundred-page poem.
在我看来,在这里,我们看到了强烈的个人活力的罕见优点,茂密的墙壁是罕见的美德,以及宽敞的内部宽敞美德。天啊!鲸鱼后欣赏和模特自己!你也在冰中保持温暖。你也生活在这个世界上而没有。在赤道上保持冷静;将您的血液保持在杆上。就像圣彼得大教堂的大圆顶一样,就像大鲸鱼一样,伙计!在所有季节,你自己的温度。
…
有一种智慧。但是有一个疯狂的祸患。在某些灵魂中,有一只Catskill Eagle可以潜入最黑色的峡谷,然后再次从它们中飙升,并在阳光明媚的空间中变得看不见。即使他永远在峡谷中飞过,那个峡谷也在山上。因此,即使在他最低的猛扑中,山鹰仍然比平原上的其他鸟高,即使它们飙升。
Catskill Eagle段落似乎是对传道书的阐述和反应(1:17-18),在詹姆斯国王版本中,梅尔维尔会很熟悉:
我全心全意地了解智慧,并知道疯狂和愚蠢:我认为这也是一种精神的烦恼。
For in much wisdom is much grief: and he that increaseth knowledge increaseth sorrow.
我必须承认对构造精美的句子的喜爱,并带有级联的依赖条款。我认为我要牢记条款及其指导者,这让我感到几乎是身体上的乐趣。尤其没有其他原因,第二章的这些句子有时会想到:
随着大多数年轻的候选人因捕鲸的痛苦和处罚在同一个新贝德福德停下来,从而踏上了他们的航行,这也可能与我一无所知。就我而言,除了nantucket手工艺品之外,没有其他东西,因为与那个著名的老岛屿相关的一切都充满了好处,这让我感到非常高兴。
J. M. W. Turner
从特纳(Turner),我了解了艺术作品中动态力量的平衡,从而结束了作品的中心。

J. M. W. Turner,暴风雪:蒸汽从港口的嘴里, ca. 1842.
fra angelico
Standing in front of his frescos in the Convent of San Marco brought me to tears. He speaks directly to the higher emotional center.
以如此集中的真理,他的颜色似乎散发出泪水,一直掉落,无论如何掉落。
—Henry James,意大利小时,1909年

fra angelico,这Taunting of Christ, 1441.